1.
Stimulus – Response Model
This
model is the most basic model in communication. This is show communication as
an action – reaction process. This model think that verbal words, inverbal
signs, pictures and actions will simulate other people to give the response in
some ways. This process could be interactive and have lot of effect. Every
single effect could change another act of communication in the next level.
This
model ignore that communication is a process. In other words, communication is
considered as a static thing.
2.
Aristotle’s Model
This is the most classical model in
communication, and also is called as a rhetorical model.
This model make formula about first
verbal communication model and have 3 basic part of communication : Speaker, Message, and Listener.
Communication happen when a speaker
speak their messages to listener in order to change their behavior.
This model is about speech to persuade
people. According to Aristoteles, the persuade can be reached by the one person
that people believe. The argument, and by playing listeners emotion.
Strength :
o
Inspire
a lot of communication scientist which lead to newer model
Weaknesses :
o
This
model doesn’t mention nonverbal aspects in order to persuade
o
Considers
communication as a static phenomenon
3.
Schramm’s
Model
He conceived of decoding and enoding as
activities maintained
Stimultaneously by
sender and receiver; he also made provisions for a two-way interchanger of
messages. Notice also the inclusion of an “interpreter’’ as an abstract
representation of the problem of meaning.
Schramm think
that communication always needs 3 element : Source,
Message, and Destination.
According to
Schramm, everyone in communication’s process is clearly besome both encoder and
decoder. We constantly encode back signs from our enviroment, interpret that
signs and decode something as a results.
Backward process
in the model is called feed back, which playing an important rule in
communication. Because it let us know how do our message being interpreted.
Strengths :
o
Two
way communication
o
Includes
the context of the message
o
Includes
the culture
Weakness :
o
Account
for only bilateral communication
4.
Shannon and Weaver’s
Model
This model is mathematical model of communication. It was
developed by telephone engineers to send message easier and faster from one
point to another.
Communication was conceived as a linear model of transmission
of a message from a source to receiver
via signal producing transmitter.
This model presupposes an information
source who create a message and
send it by some channel to a receiver who recreate that message.
In other wirds, this model
assumsion that information source cerate some message to be communicated from
available set of messages. Transmitter
changes messages to signal which suitable with the used channel.
Channel is a medium which sending a
sign fromtransmitter to receiver.
Example In conversation :
information source is a brain, the transmitter is voice which create a signs
that transmitted by air. The receiver is a hearing mechanism and reconstruction
a message from a signs. The destination is a receiver’s brain. And the
important concept from this model is a noise.
This model think that communication
is a static phenomenon, one way, and too much complicated
Strengths :
o
Allowed for variation
o
Allowed for development
o
Influential
o
Heuristic Value
Weaknesses :
o
Static and linear
o
Complicated
o
Not analogous to human
communication
o
Formal only
5.
Lasswell’s Model
Lasswell’s model is a verbal
saying, which say about who says what in
which channel, to whom with what effect?
This model say about communication process and it’s function
to society. Lasswell said 3 function of communication. The first one is
enviromental monitoring. Then a relation from every departed society which give
a response to enviroment. And the last one is a social trenmission from one
generation to the other.
This model is often used in mass communication. Who to gate
keeper, says what is a source to analyze about the message. In which channel to
media. To whom to audience. And with what effect is about the effect which is
made by message of mass communication to reader, listener, etc.
Strengths :
o
It suits for almost all
types of communication
o
The concept of effect
Weaknesses :
o
Linear model
o
Noise and feedback not
mentioned
6.
Berlo’s Model
Also known as SMCR model. Source,
message, channel, and receiver.
Source is the creator of the messages. Message is translation of idea to a
symbolic code. Channel is a medium that bring the message. And the receiver is
the target of communication.
Strengths :
o
Heuristic
o
This model could reach
treatment mass communication, public, interpersonal, and written communication.
o
Allowed for encoding
and decoding of messages.
Weaknesses :
o
Static phenomenon
o
Feedback not mentioned
o
Considers nonverbal
communication as unimportant thing.
7.
Dance’s Model
From Frank Dance’s dimensions of communication shows dynamics
of message, we understan that definitions are tools that shoul be used
flexibly. The definition of communication may be board and inclusive or
restrictive and some definitions may include only purposeful message sending
and receiving while others do not have such limitations.
Strengths :
o
Interesting approach to
show spirit of the message
o
Continous vibe given
Weaknesses :
o
Too few variables
o
Leaves too much
unanswered
8.
De Fleur’s Model
It’s a mass communication model, by inserting mass medium device, and feedback device. It draw a source, transmitter, receiver, and
destination as a departed phase in mass communication process.
The function of receiver in Defleur’s model is to receive
information and encode it.
According to Defleur, communication isn’t meaning transfer.
Communication happen by a set of component operation in some theoretical
system, which the consequence is isomorphism between intern response to set of
symbol to source and receiver.
Strength :
o
Descriptive power
Weakness :
o
It’s inability to
explain long term media effect
9.
Gudykunst and Kim’s
Model
This model actually is an intercultural
communication model. This model basely is suitable for face tp face
communication or 2 people. Because there is no 2 person which have culture,
social culture, and psycho culture precisely similar.
This model assume 2 persons which equal in communication,
each of them as a sender and also a receiver, of both of them encoding and decoding. Because of
that we can see that messages from someone is a feedback from the other one.Message/ feedbacki between them is
represented by a line from someone’s encoding to another decoding. The two
lines shows that everyone of us go and won’t do anything until we get the
feedback.
Strength :
o
Allowed for encoding
and decoding of the message
Weakness :
o
Accounts for only
bilateral communication
